Optical objective



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Patented May 30, 1944 UNITED STATES staren Hoon OPTICAL OBJECTIVE Arthur Warmisham and Charles Gori-ie Wynne, Leicester, England, assignors to Taylor, Taylor & Hobson Limited, Leicester, England, a company of Great Britain Application January 2, 1943, Serial No. 471,142 In Great Britain November 27, 1941 21 Claims.

This invention relates to an optical objective for photographie or other purposes of the kind corrected for spherical and chromatic aberrations, coma, astigmatism, fleld curvature and distortion, and comprising two compound divergent. meniscus components located between two simple convergent components and each having a divergent element cemented to a convergent element.

The invention has for its object to provide an paraxial focus at the ends is beyond a minimum value at an intermediate point of the spectrum. Preferably the average value of the Abb v numbers for the four convergent elements of the objective is not greater than 49, and not less than 42. y 4

To express the desired results mathematically, it is convenient to make use of a mathematical the expression EQH, Eg-slr alent power of the objective. l

. -n Conveniently the rear surface of the oo nwherein E isthe equivalent focal length of the 35 vergent front eomponent 1s convex to the front objective and the remaining terms are all reand has @radius 0r curvature lyingbetween '85 lated to any one particular surface of the objecanu 116 rrmes the equivalent roea'l length or the tive and may be defined as follows: N is the obJectrve' mean refractive index for the D-line of the ma- In one eonvement arrangement the convergent terial on the emergent side of the surface, and n 40 element m one or the drvergent eompenenrs that of the material on the incident side of the (Preferably the out divergent component) 1S surface; 6N is the difference in refractive index rrrade or e' dense banum .crown glass While dense between the C and F lines for the material on runt or dense barium runt glasses are used rer the emergent side, andA an the corresponding difthe other convergent elements' In another ar',

4: rangement all four convergent elements are ference for the material on the incident side; H is the ratio of the incident height at the surface to the incident height at the front surface of the objective of a paraxial ray traversing the objective; and Q is defined by wherein r is the radius of curvature of the surof the axial intersection of the paraxial ray on the incident side.

If now the letter S be used for brevity to represent the above expression, and numerical suffixes be used to indicate individual surfaces counting from the front, than we have for the two cemented surfaces.

objective of this kind well-corrected over a wider 10 nd m angle of view than hitherto. a N

In the objective according to the invention the S1: EQ1H5 -l--ni two divergent elements are made of potassium 7 "7 bromide crystal, Prefer-amy Iche` parexiel See- In order to obtain the desired results the ondary spectrum is reversed as compared with l5 algebraic sum of S4 and S1 should preferably lie .that for usua1objectives of the aboveementioned between --005 and 015 It is also preferable kind, that is to say the paraxial focus et the two that the algebraic sum of S4' and Sv' should be ends of the visible speci-,rum is short of e, maxinumerically less than that of S4 and S7, where v mum value occurring in the neighbourhood of the expression S' differs from S solely in the subthe C-line, whereas in known objectives the 20 stitution of the terms 'N and n for 6N and n, 'N being the difference ,in refractive indexv between the e and g lines for the material on the emergent side of the surface n the corresponding diiference for the material on the incident side.

Utilising a different method of calculation it is also possible to obtain the desired results if the algebraic sum of the reciprocals of the radii of curvature of the two cemented surfaces of thel 0 objective (reckoned as positive if concave to the diaphragm and negative if convex to the diaphragm) is numerically less than half the equivmade of dense barium ilint glasses.

Numerical data for three convenient practical examples of objective according to the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawing, wherein Figs, 1, 2 and 3 are partially schematic views of various modifications of the inventive concept as described in the appended examples, are given in the following tables in which R1, Rz represent the radii of curvature of face and s is the axial distance from the surface 55 the individual lens surfaces counting from the 'f'.'aie

front (the positive sign indicating that` the surface is convex to the front'and the negative sign that it is concave thereto), D1, Da represent the axial thicknesses of the various elements, and Si, Sz, Sa represent the axial air separations between the components. The tables also give the mean refractive indices of the Abb v numbers of the materials used for the individual elements of the objective.

Example I Equivalent focal length 1.000. Relative aperture F/2.0

Thickness or Refractive Abb r Radius air separation index nu number Dx='. 0647 1.652 33. 5 Rz=|1.049

.Dz-l. 0890 1. 6128 56. 3 R- Da==. 0494 l. 558 31.5 Rs=+ 2701 Sz. 1590 Re= .3066

Ds=. 0779 1.644 48. 3 Ra= .4397

Ss=. 0049 R9=+5. 492

, Dt==. 079i- 1.6529 46. 2 Rm= .7461

Example II Equivalent focal length 1.000. Relative aperture F/2.0

Radius Thickness or Refractive Abb v air separation index nu number D1=. 0495 l. 652 33. 5 Rs= +1. 0312 Sg=. 0059 Rz=+ .3702

Dz=. 1226 l. 6128 57. 6 Re* Dz=. 0294 1.558 3l. 5 Rp+ .2550

Sz=.1413 Ra= 3292 D4= 0196 l. 558 31.5 R1=+3. 674

DF'. 0834 1. 644 48. 3 R5= 4948 Sal. 0049 Y Ro=+2. 844

Ds=. 0873 1. 6529 46. 2 Rw= .8934

Ewample III Equivalent local length 1.000. Relative aperture F/2.0

It will be noticed that in all these examples the radius Rz lies between .85 and 1.6, and that the average Abb v number for the convergent elements is 46.1 in Example I, 46.4 in Example II and 47.25 in Example III. `In Examples I and II dense barium crown glass is used for the convergent element in the front divergent component and dense flint glass for the simple front component, whilst the other two convergent elements are both made of dense barium flint glass. In Example III all four convergent elements are made of dense barium flint glass.

The algebraic sum of the reciprocals of the R4 and R1 (reckoned as negative if convex to the diaphragm) is zero in Example I, and is about v .27 in Example II and .28 in Example III.

The algebraic sum of S4 and S7 is .00985 in Example I, .01029 in Example II and .00795 in Example III. The algebraic sum of S4 and S1' is .00973 in Example I, .01017 in Example II and .00746 in Example III.

All three examples give a reversed secondary spectrum. Thus, for instance, in Example II the paraxial back focus is .70128 for the b-line (7065) .70187 for the C-line (6563), .70131 for the dline (5875), and .70067 for the g-line (4359). All three examples are well corrected for all the aberrations over a semi-angular field of 25.

In all three examples the diaphragm is axially spaced behind the surface Rs by a distance .073 times the equivalent focal length of the objective, the diameter of the diaphragm being in Example I .369, in Example II .361 and in Example III .360 times such equivalent focal length.

It will be appreciated that these examples have been given by way of example only and that the invention may be carried into practice in other ways.

What we claim as our invention and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:

1. An optical objective corrected for spherical and chromatic aberrations, coma, astigmatism. eld curvature and distortion, and comprising a \dlaphragm and four components in axial alignlment,

which the two outer components are simple and o on either side of the diaphragm, of

elements are made of potassium bromide, crystal, while the average va ue o e Abb v numbers of the materials used for the four convergent elements is not greater than' 49.0, and not less l than 42.0.

2. An optical objective corrected for spherical and chromatic aberrations, coma, astigmatism, field curvature and distortion, and comprising a diaphragm and four components in axial alignment, two on either side of the diaphragm, of which the two outer components are simple and convergent and the two inner .are compound divergent meniscus components each having a divergent element cemented to a convergent element, wherein the objective has a reversed paraxial secondary spectrum and the two divergent elements are made of potassium bromide crystal, while the algebraic sum of S4 and S7, which are the values of S respectively for the two cemented surfaces that is the fourth and seventh surfaces counting from thefront, lies between .005 and .015, wherein S is an expression representing the contribution of any one individual surface to the secondary spectrum and is defined by the equation l 6N 'n s EQmQV-) where E is the equivalent focal length ofthe sa. UPU

whole objective, andthe remaining terms are all related to the individual surface and are dened as follows: N is the means refractive index for the D-line of the material on the emergent side of the surface and n that of the material on the incident side of the surface, 6N is the difference in refractive index between the C and F lines for the material on the emergent side and n the corresponding difference for the material on the incident side, H is the ratio of the incident height at the surface to the incident height at the front surface of the objective of a paraxial ray traversing the objective, and Q represents the expression where r is the radius of curvature of the surface and s is the axial distance from the surface of the axial intersection of the paraxial ray on the incident side.

3. An optical objective corrected for spherical and chromatic aberrations, coma, astigmatism, eld curvature and distortion, and comprising a diaphragm and four components in axial alighment, two on either side of the diaphragm, of which the two outer components are simple and convergent and the two inner are compound divergent meniscus components, each having a divergent element cemented to a convergent element, wherein the objective has a reversed paraxial secondary spectrum and the two divergent elements are made of potassium bromide crystal, while the algebraic sum of S4 and S7, which are the values of S respectively for the fourth and seventh surfaces counting from the front, lies between .005 and .015 and is numerically greater than the algebraic sum of S4' and S1', which are respectively the values of S' forthe fourth and seventh surfaces, wherein S and S.' are expressions representing the contribution of any one individual surface to the secondary spectrum and are defined by the equations where E is the equivalent focal length of the whole objective, and the remaining terms are all related to the individual surface and are dened as follows, N is the mean refractive index for the D-line of the material on the emergent side of the surface and n that of the material on the incident side of the surface, 6N is the difference in refractive index between the C and F' lines for the material -on the emergent side and n the corresponding difference for the material on the incident side, N is the difference f in refractiveindex between the e and gl lines for the material on Athe emergent side and n the corresponding dierence for the material on the incident side, H is the ratio of the incidentheight at the surface tothe incident height at the front surface of the objective of a paraxial ray traversing the objective, and Q represents the expression where r is the radius of curvature of the surface and S is the axial distance from the surface of the axial intersection of the paraxial ray on the .incident side.

SdfCh ROOm 4. An optical objective as claimed in claim 2, in which the average value of .the Abb v numbers of the materials used for the four convergent elements is not greater than 49.0 and not less than 42.0

5. An optical objective corrected for spherical andQchromatic aberrations, coma, astigmatism, eld curvature and distortion, and comprising a diaphragm and four components in axial alignment, two on either side of the diaphragm, of which the two outer components are simple and convergent and the two inner are compound divergent meniscus components each having a divergent element cemented to a convergent element, wherein the objective has a reversed paraxial secondary spectrum and the two divergent elements are made of potassium bromide crystal, while the average value of the Abb v numbers of the materials used for the fourv convergent elementsis not greater than 49.0 nor less than 42.0 and the algebraic sum of the reciprocals of the radii of curvature of the two cemented surfaces (reckoned as positive if concave to the diaphragm and negative if convex thereto) is numerically less than half the equivalent the objective.

6. An optical objective as claimed in claim 3, in which the average value of the Abb v numbers of the materials used for the four convergent elements is not greater than 49.0 and not less than 42.0 and the algebraic sum of the reciprocals of the radii of curvature of the two cemented surfaces (reckoned as positive if concave to the diaphragm and negative if convex thereto) is numerically less than half the equivalent power of the objective.

7. An optical objective as claimed in claim 1, in which the rear surface of the front convergent element is convex to the front and has a radius of curvature lying between .85 and 1.6 1times the equivalent focal length of the objec- 8. An optical objective as claimed in claim 2, in which the rear surface of the front convergent element is convex to the front and h as a radius power of 1 of curvature lying between .85 and 1.6 times the equivalent focal length of the objective.

9. An optical objective as claimed in claim 3, in which the rear surface of the front convergent element is convex to the front and has a radius of curvature lying between .85 and 1.6

times the equivalent focal length lof the objective.

10. An optical objective as claimed in claim 5, in which the rear surface of the front convergent element is convex to the front and has a radius of curvature lying between .85 and 1.6 times the equivalent focal length of the objective.

11. An optical objective as claimed in claim 1, in which a dense barium crown glass is used for the convergent element in one of the divergent components and the other three convergent elements are made of dense int glasses.

12. An optical objective as claimed in claim 2, in which a dense barium crown glass is used for the convergent element in one of the divergent components and the other three convergent elements are made of dense int glasses.

13. An optical objective as claimed in claim 3, in whicha dense barium crown glass is used the convergent element "in one of the divergent components and the other three convergent elements are made of dense flint glasses.

15. An optical objective as claimed in claim 1, in which the four convergent elements are all made of dense barium int glasses.

16. An optical objective as claimed in claim 2, in which the four convergent elements are all made of dense barium iiint glasses. s

17. An optical objective as claimed inclaim 3, in which the four convergent elements are all made of dense barium int glasses.

18. An optical objective as claimed in claim 5, in which the foul' convergent elements are all made of dense barium flint glasses.

19. An optical objective having numerical data substantially as set forth in the following table wherein R represents the radius of curvature of the individual lens surfaces counting from the front, (the positive sign indicating that the surface is convex to the front and the negative sign that it is concave thereto), D represents the axial thickness of the various elements and S represents the axial air separation between the components: f'

Equivalent focal length 1.000. Relative aperture F/2.0

Thickness or Refractive Abb v Radius air separation index 1m number D1=. 0647 1. 652 33. 5 Rz= +1. 049

D2=. 0890 l. 61% 56. 3 R4:

Da=. 0494 1. 558 31. 5 Ra=+ 2701 l S2=. 1590 Ra= 3066 D4=. 0198 1. 558 31. 5 R7 oo D5=. 0779 l. 644 48. 3 Rg= 4397 Ss=. 0049 R9= +5. 492

Ds=. 0791 l. 6529 46. 2 R1o= 7461 20. An optical objective having numerical data substantially as set forth in the following table wherein R represents the radius of curvature of the individual lens surfaces counting from the front, (the positive sign indicating that the surface is convex to the front and the negative sign that it is concave thereto), D represents the axial thickness of the various elements and S represents the axial air separation between the components:

Equivalent focal length 1.000. Relative aperture F/2.0

Radius Thickness or Refractive Abb r air separation index nn number D1=. 0495 i. 652 33. 5 Rg=+1. 0312 S1 0059 Rs=+ .3702 I D;=. 1226 l. 6128 57. 6 R= ce Dz=. 0294 l. 558 3l. 5 Ri=+ 2550 Sz=. 1413 R= 'am D 0196 ,55s

Ds= 0834 1. 644 48. 3 Rg= .494s Sa=. 0049 Dt==. 0873 l. 6529 46. 2 R|o= 8934 21. An optical objective having numerical data substantially as set forth in the following table wherein R represents the radius of curvature of the individual lens surfaces countingfrom the front, (the positive sign indicating that the surface is convex to the front and the negative sign that it is concave thereto), D represents the axial thickness of the various elements and S represents the axial air separation between the components: l

Equivalent focal length 1.000. Relative aperture F/2.0

Radius Thickness or Refractive Abb r air separation index no number D1 0476 1.6529 46. 2 Rz=+ 9902 Dz=. i200 l. 644 48. 3 R4:

D: 0283 i. 558 31. 5 R5=+ 2448 D4==. 0188 l. 558 l3l. 5 R1 +3. 527

f DF. 0800 1.644 48. 3 Rs= 4750 S3=. 0047 Ro=+6. 495

Dt=. 0942 1. 6529 46. 2 R1o= 7742 ARTHUR WARMISHAM. CHARLES GORRIE WYNNE. 

